Frontier by Louis L ’Amour

 

“For some people the term “frontier” may bring to mind only the way west. That is acceptable as long as one remembers that everything from where the Atlantic Ocean breaks upon the shore was at one time west. It was all frontier, and it is the entire breadth of the continent from east to west that I’ve attempted to deal with in this volume.”

That, my friends, is but one treasured observation from this gorgeous volume from Mr. L’Amour, one of his few non-fiction works. This work leaves me a bit wistful for what we might have had if he had produced more in this contemplative non-fiction mode.

I offer copious excepts from the text, but…the accompanying photos by David Muench make this volume well-worth a look.

“Our country was opened up and built by people unwilling to accept the horizons they were offered: they had to push ever forward, trying to go beyond the limits presented to them. They gave themselves many excuses for going--to settle upon new land, to trap for fur, to dig for gold, but the real reason was their wish to extend themselves to extend their horizons.”

·        To “extend horizons” is always the real reason for “What’s next?”

·        For “What’s over that hill?”

·        If we trod repetitively in the same paths, feel secure only in the ruts of “I eat at these restaurants, I watch these shows, I only go out in this weather, I need these policies I was hereto before now unaware of to be in place forever” to feel secure…

·        If we have no urge for the new, for a wee bit of risk, if we are unwilling to sample change without a whine or a complaint we are demanding that horizons remain unchanged.

·        We cannot claim intrepidity and stasis at the same time.

·        If we desire no extended horizons, we have not extended the self.

 

Europeans traveling in rural areas expected subservience but found an irritating independence, failing to understand that what they were encountering was a new sort of man. Europe had for hundreds of years been a relatively settled society, changing slowly and according to patterns known and accepted. Such was not the case on the frontier. The pioneer had to constantly adapt to changing conditions or to peace or war with various tribes of Indians. He not only considered himself as good as any man but had proved that under the harshest conditions.

·        The democracy of ability, equality via action not elevation via fiat.

Europeans traveling in the backcountry often found themselves treated rudely or with indifference. Dismounting at a tavern, they rarely saw anyone come forward to take a horse to the stable or carry their luggage inside. When some bystander was asked to take a horse to the stable, more often than not would either stare with contempt or reply with some rude comment. For the most part men stabled their own horse on the frontier took care of their own gear.

·        “ Ask not what” rendered in the small everyday actions.

Sod houses could be warm and snug. Often when visitors were expected the earth floor would be sprinkled with water and tamped hard; then with a small stick or other instrument a design would be traced, resembling a carpet. The design would not last long but would, for the first comers at least, add a pretty touch to the bleak surroundings.

·        The surge for beauty and improvement no matter the circumstances.

The country into which they ventured was rich with wild game, edible plants, fish leaping from streams. The Long Hunter was only secondarily an explorer, so he often lingered for weeks and some likely spot where the fishing was good and life comparatively easy. Our present conception of the importance of time [born in part from the railroad timetable] had not come in to be. People lived and worked by the sun's rising and setting, and when they paid attention at all, they judged longer periods by the waxing and waning of the moon.

·        A creature of the Sun, Moon and Seasons.

·        Whereas, we have multiplied our masters by adding slavery to matinee times, timetables, and the myriad stopwatch additions of the day.

Education is of many kinds, and these boys went to school with Nature, learning to read a trail as a modern man would read his newspaper, and reading the forest itself just as well, knowing its plants and animals, the way of the insects and the birds, and where to find springs. Any of the girls could have done as well had they been called upon, and there were some who proved it in escaping from Indians. At a later time Annie Oakley became famous for her shooting, her skill acquired in just that way, but in an earlier time there were girls in every hollow who could have done as well or nearly as well. Marksmanship was not a pastime or an entertainment, it was necessary for survival.

·        Education via immersive doing.

·        No YouTube tutorial then assuming, “Yeah, I could do that.”

One estimate has at the seventeen people died for every westward mile of the covered wagons. I think the estimate is a modest one. So many died of whom there is no record. Years later the remains of wagons might be found, merely a few scattered bones and nothing to identify anyone. In one case, Captain Eugene Ware went on patrol up Lodge Pole Creek found sixteen wagons, all neatly circled, grass growing up around them, some weathered harness, wagons showing every evidence of having been where they were for years. There was no food or ammunition left and the trunks have been ripped open and hastily looted. No letters, papers, or any marks of identification could be found. Although the story was widely reported at the time, nothing ever came of it, and the wagons remain a mystery, the owners vanished and unknown.

·        Standard human beings, not superheroes, who desired something so dearly they uprooted and braved the harshest for the dream.

·        How many of us can honestly claim we would be among that stock that braved the journey?

All things change in the mountains. Sand becomes sandstone and then quartzite; gravel becomes conglomerate and then gneiss; mud changes to shell, to slate, and then to schist; shells change to limestone and then to marble. Nothing remains the same as the years become centuries and the centuries, millenniums.

·        I love the long perspective, one informed by understanding the natural processes around the Man.

·        The more blind we are to what we see, the more ignorant we are of the “How” of what we see the less depth we see in the beauty.

Often I hike the mountains and desert, but when along I do more loitering than hiking. When one adopts a goal that is miles away one misses too much. If one is to understand and appreciate the wilderness one should stroll along, pause, sit down for a while and just absorb what there is to see, to hear, to smell. Walking too fast one misses too much. If you see a wild animal at such a time it is strictly by accident. If you sit quietly and make no sound they often appear. I had a deer come to feed within 50 feet of me when I was downwind of them.

·        Elemental. A Man. A Stroll. An Environment.

·        No speed, no timetable, no phone to steal life.

The mere fact that you do not see animals does not mean they are not present. Usually they see you first and quietly disappear into the landscape. From time to time a would-be explorer goes into the jungle or mountains searching for some strange animal of which he has heard. A few weeks later he returns saying there is no such beast because he found none. I have spent years in mountains where there were mountain lions, yet the only two I have seen were treed by dogs.

·        Even a watchful Man may not see it all.

·        Are we as watchful as He?

A man traveling wild country in the old days always kept his eyes open for possible camping places, not only for the immediate journey but for some future time. Those things essential for a camp--shelter from the wind, fuel, and water-- were the same essentials for the Indian or for prehistoric, and often on the sites chosen I have found evidence of previous use, sometimes from the pioneer years or earlier.

·        I can vouch for this. I have located many a pocket Sinagua ruin, campsite, and, in some cases entire villages in canyonland by simply asking myself, “Where would I receive the most sun? What’s the closest water run-off on this redrock shelf? Where are the closest game trails?”

·        The following observations double-down on the wisdom of following the footsteps.

Unfortunately, much of the knowledge of terrain acquired by mountain men in the course of their hunting and trapping was never written down, for the simple reason that it seemed too obvious. By simple observation they learned to read the land, to tell directions by plant growth or by melting snow, and to find the easiest routes of travel.

Buffalo and other wild game had found the best trails long before any white man and probably before any Indian. Engineers who came to layout roads or railroads usually found they could not improve on buffalo trails, which always followed the easiest route.

In travelling wild country it is always best to stay with the trail, for a trail is always going somewhere it's usually the shortest route between points. Whenever I have left a trail, except for a bit of exploration, I've gotten into trouble. Once, following a long, winding trail I came up on a long, beautiful slope of grass leading down to the very point where I wish to go. The car waited for me down there, and the trail led off in a roundabout way, so I decided on the shortcut. I was tired. It had been a long day, and the easy way down the grassy slope was inviting. After nearly two miles I came suddenly to a deep canyon, dropping sheer for 300 feet, and no way down. Across the canyon that nice grassy slope continued, I had to walk all the way back to the trail, and it was all uphill. Common sense should have told me that had there been an easy way down others would have used it.

Nobody knows the wild country. No matter how long one lives in it and with it one is forever learning, and there's always much to see and hear. Nor are any two places the same.

·        Deep meaning in that preceding extract. Profound.

Much of what one gets from the wilderness depends on what one takes to it. By this I mean that the more that is known of simple geology, of plant growth, and so on, the more interesting an area becomes. The point is not only to see what is there but to know what is happening and what has happened. Soon one is able to travel the country with an awareness impossible before.

If you believe the wilderness is gone you are mistaken. It is out there, miles upon miles of it.

[On being picked up after a week alone in the mountains.]

“Must have been quiet,” he said. “How can you stand being alone?”

“I wasn’t alone,” I said, “I had a mountain with me.”

The greatest stories ever told are those around campfires, and bunkhouses, or in ship fo’c’stles with a bunch of wandering men. They'll have dropped their anchors in forgotten coves and paddled canoes up nameless creeks, and the best of the stories are always for each other, for the ones who have not known the life will not believe what they are hearing.

·        Dead on!

·        Stories from those who have lived, who have dared trump those who have only viewed the YouTube video, read the article or had AI read it to them.

·        Find your Wanderers, converse with them.

·        Better yet, ask to go with them on their next excursion, even if it’s a mere trip to the local BBQ, these people, my friends, these people have stories.

·        They will not regale you with last night’s Netflix binge, this morning’s headlines, or yesterday’s scores.

·        They are too busy living to speak spectator tales.

The more we learn of the world the more we should be cautious about our statements on the past. So much of what we believe is theory or founded upon theory, and much of such theory is based on insufficient evidence. The greatest danger lies in accepting a theory for fact and building mountains of learning on insecure foundations.

·        Sage advice to the cocksure on any topic.

·        And…his cherry on top.

One has to begin somewhere and a theory is such a place, but a theory can be a trap and is not to be trusted too much.

·        This may be non-fiction but it is easily my favorite work of Frontier literature from Mr. L’Amour.

·        Simply superlative.

Conflict [1936] Starring John Wayne

 

[Start with the boxing film review, stick around for the behind-the-scenes gossip. Trust me, it’s wilder than most any film the man made.]

John “The Duke” Wayne.

Should require no introduction, but if he does…well, I’m not really sure what to make of you.

For those who haven’t checked him out in a while or allowed the memory to dim, allow me to say, at his best he was a larger-than-life presence on the screen. He possessed a toughness mixed with a gentle charm.

Those who knew the man and worked with him said, what you saw on the screen wasn’t too far off from the truth.

Let us look to a little-viewed 1936 boxing picture titled Conflict. [aka The Abysmal Brute.]

A low-budget affair produced by Universal, Wayne may be the star here, but this is before he become THE John Wayne. He’s still a hopeful hand at this point.

Directed by David Howard, with a screenplay by Charles A. Logue and Walter Weems based on Jack London’s famous boxing story The Abysmal Brute.

The screenplay takes liberties with London’s story turning it into a wholesome tale of lumberjacks, befriending orphans, travelling boxers and issued challenges.

For old school fight aficionados, the film is of interest for several reasons.

·        Travelling boxing shows to lumberjack camps to challenge the local tough was a common occurrence in actuality. This is one of the few films to portray that world.

·        Jack London, the originator of the material, knew and played the boxing game himself; he wrote of what he experienced-- it always helps to have some authenticity at the foundation.

·        We see the Duke do some low-key speedbag work, nothing blistering but still competent.

·        We see the Duke do some nice punch evasion with an Old Boxer’s bet of “Toss your money on the floor, I’ll put my foot on it, you take a swing, if you knock me off of the money I’ll double it.”

·        This was indeed a game that was played in these camps—stay with me, we’ll come back to this. [See our instructional material of Lumberjack Fighting for much more on the subject.]

·        In the climactic fight we see an old method for hardening the wraps after inspection.

·        In this climactic battle we also see some nice old school milling to the body…

·        Use of the underhook clinch as opposed to the more common fight/action stalling overhook we see commonly today and…

·        At least three instances of what would appear to be poor form from the Duke as his rear foot comes off the canvas for rear straights.

·        Actually, not poor form at all, it is simply the movie version of a common tactic from the early days. Think of it as the forerunner of Patterson’s Gazelle Punch, or even earlier Dundee’s Leaping Hook .

·        See Street Dentist KO Combos Volume 2 for the complete breakdown and the hows, whys, and whens of this hard-jolting shot.

All in all a fine bit of Old School fun for the discerning eye.

Now, let’s get to the behind-the-scenes spice that makes this film match-up all the more fascinating.

Duke Wayne’s nemesis in the film is actor Ward Bond.

The two were lifelong friends in actual life and this was the first of a mighty handful of screen fights they would share.

The fights they had in real life? Too numerous to count.

The friends were both hard-drinking, hard-loving, brawlers in real life.

Their repartee was constant trash talk, bluster, cutting sarcasm and macho posturing that led many to think they would come to blows on a movie set at any moment.

The two men had known each other since the 1920s, brought together by legendary director John Ford and were frequent guests on Ford’s yacht Araner.

The famously prickly Ford would often provoke the men to trade blows for his mere amusement.

As much as they hurt each other in real life, none of this seemed to hurt their friendship.

They would both frequent the Hollywood Athletic Club where they would spar each other the boxing ring, lift weights, sweat out last evening’s booze in the steam bath then head for the Club’s lounge to get a jump-start on that evening’s booze.

Wayne and Bond were not the only hard-drinker’s sitting in the lounge, add to that mix, Johnny “Tarzan” Weissmuller, and actors Preston Foster and Bruce Cabot.

They jestingly called themselves: “The Young Men’s Purity Total Abstinence and Snooker Pool Association.” [TYMPTASPA.]

[By the way, I have a wild story of a personal encounter with Mr. Weissmuller. I’ll save it for another day. Let’s just say, it was INSANE. Again, another day.]

As the TYMPTASPA sessions grew later into the evening Wayne and Bond would often trash-talk themselves into a fight. Chase all club members out and get to swinging, tossing furniture and punching holes in doors. [Punching holes through doors was a common competition of theirs.]

After which, they would toss a stack of cash on the bar and exit together as friends once again.

You just can’t make this stuff up.

One fight was so uproarious they were suspended for a year.

Their scuffles were not confined to the club or the movie set, at a party at director Frank [It’s a Wonderful Life] Capra’s home, they destroyed furniture and mangled a carpet from their ground scuffle.

Bond tells a story of once betting Wayne that he could stand on a sheet of newspaper and not be knocked off of it. [Recall the similar scene in the film?]

Wayne took the bet.

Bond grabbed the newspaper, stepped to a door threshold, spread the paper, stood on it and closed the door and laughed like hell.

Bond reports that Duke Wayne punched him through the door connecting with his jaw and won the bet.

Is there more to this wild Hollywood tale?

Oh, hell yeah.

Again, like my Tarzan Weissmuller story, another day.

But, if you want the skinny on the actuality of lumberjack fighting, the details on how to really throw the short inside leaping punches, well, head over to our store and browse all the Old School products that feature these Hosses from the Days of Yore.

My Heroes.

The Encyclopedia of Lawmen, Outlaws, & Gunfighters by Leon Claire Metz

 

Perhaps the “purest” gunfight, in the technical sense of the word, stemmed from the eastern and European practice of dueling, where two men stepped off 10 paces, turned, and fired. In the western sense, this was epitomized during a showdown on July 21st, 1865, between Wild Bill Hickok--a Unionist who won the sobriquet “Wild Bill” during the Civil War—in  Springfield, Missouri, when he killed Dave Tutt. The men, who had quarreled over a gambling debt, approached each other from across the city square. They drew their sidearms at about the same time, roughly 100 yards apart, stood still, aimed, and fired. Hickock scored a direct hit, sending a bullet squarely into Tutt’s heart. But truth be known, Hickok was only a so-so shot. On this particular day, he had phenomenal luck.

This is exactly as described by the title, a reference work from the folks at Facts on File.

Usually, such volumes are meant to be what the word implies, a tool for referencing, perhaps a discursive browse now and again.

Me? I read it straight through like a novel and enjoyed it just as much.

There are many such compendiums, but this one comes in towards the top of the tier as being historically reliable and less prone to romantic exaggeration.

A prime resource for authors, historians [amateur or professional], or simply the avid devotee of this amazing period.

The volume earns an Easy A.

“I’ll Kill You Smiling, John Sevier” by Steve Frazee

 

The sheriff's voice had lost his calmness. He was saying: “When you lay that money on a bar, don't it bother you, Moxon? Don't you remember how you made it?”

“My way suits me,” Moxon said. “If you don't understand me, I don’t understand men like you who keep bragging what a peaceful village you've got. When I show up to help you keep it that way, you get edgy.”

A tight, terse short story from a solid author.

It first appeared in the 12/1955 issue of Swank magazine.

It was later anthologized into the Leisure paperback titled Nights of Terror.

This story and his “Learn the Hard Way” [also reviewed in this blog] show just how dark, how noir the genre can be.

Elmore Leonard went on to high praise for producing work like this; Frazee and others are equally worthy of this praise by my estimation.

Paso Por Aqui by Eugene Manlove Rhodes

 

“Woman,” said Ben, “beware! You make utter confusion with the parts of speech. You make mere interjections of pronouns, prepositions and verbs and everything. You use too many shockers. More than that--mark me, my lass-- isn't it curious that no one has ever thought to furnish printed words with every phonograph record of a song? Just a little sheet of paper--why, it needn't cost more than a penny apiece at the outside. Then we could know what it was all about.”

“The way you hop from conversational crag to crag,” said Jay, “is beyond all praise.”

My 3^rd go around with this highly regarded Western author is this short 1927 “novel.”

I use scare quotes for novel as my version and print size clocks in at 45 pages, yet both Jon Lewis and Frank Dobie both list it as a novel.

A highly regarded novel by both of them might I add.

I will also add, that I usually find the taste of both men to be impeccable but here…

Well, as the offered opening extract shows I am at a loss as to the charm.

If the extract charms you, then perhaps you should plunge on and also revel in what I am missing.

I will close with another extract, the one that I do agree with regarding the author; he loves the land he writes of.

Miss Hollister looked around her, and shivered in the sun. “What a ghastly place!” she cried. “I can't for the life of me understand why anybody should live here. We came through some horrible country yesterday, but this is the worst yet. Honestly, Mr. Nunn, isn't this absolutely the most godforsaken spot on earth?”

Mr. Nunn abandoned his work for the moment stood up, smiling. So this was Pat Garrett of whom she had heard so much; the man who killed Billy the Kid. Well, he had a way with him. Jake could not but admire the big square head, the broad spread of his shoulders and a certain untroubled serenity in his quiet face.

“Oh, I don't know,” said Mr. Nunn. “Look there!”

“Where? I don't see anything,” said Jay. “Look at what?”

“Why, the bees,” said Pat. “The wild bees. They make honey here. Little family of ‘em in every sotol stalk;  and that old house up there with the end broken in—No, Miss Hollister, I've seen worse places than this.”

He loves the land. I love the land.

I want to love his people. I want to love his tales.

I shall try again another day.

My Antonia by Willa Cather

 

Grandfather's prayers were often very interesting. He had the gift of simple and moving expression. Because he talked so little, his words had a peculiar force; they were not worn dull from constant use. His prayers reflected what he was thinking about at the time, and it was chiefly through them that we got to know his feelings and his views about things.

Selected as one of the 100 Best Western Novels by editor Jon Lewis.

This 1918 is a curious choice as it does, indeed, take place in the West, Nebraska to be specific, it is more a tale of farmers and small-town immigrant life than it is a Western in the cattleman, six-shooter, big climax sense.

And yet, the novel does not suffer for being included on his list.

It is lovely. It is warm. It is full of masterful writing.

It is akin to browsing the Americana drawings of Eric Sloane where we are dipped and suffused into a scene of what once was and left wistful.

Allow me to give you a few of these prose sketchings of life.

At nine o'clock Mr. Shimerda lighted one of our lanterns and put on his overcoat and fur collar. He stood in the little entry hall, the lantern and his fur cap under his arm, shaking hands with us. When he took grandmother's hand, he bent over it as he always did, and said slowly, 'Good woman!' He made the sign of the cross over me, put on his cap and went off in the dark. As we turned back to the sitting-room, grandfather looked at me searchingly. 'The prayers of all good people are good,' he said quietly.

Or this…

When Ambrosch came back from Mr. Bushy's, we learned that he had given Marek's wages to the priest at Black Hawk, for Masses for their father's soul. Grandmother thought Antonia needed shoes more than Mr. Shimerda needed prayers, but grandfather said tolerantly, 'If he can spare six dollars, pinched as he is, it shows he believes what he professes.'

Some tales of woe are related in a mere paragraph but are none the less impactful for their brevity.

Ole lived in a leaky dugout somewhere at the edge of the settlement. He was fat and lazy and discouraged, and bad luck had become a habit with him. After he had had every other kind of misfortune, his wife, 'Crazy Mary,' tried to set a neighbour's barn on fire, and was sent to the asylum at Lincoln. She was kept there for a few months, then escaped and walked all the way home, nearly two hundred miles, travelling by night and hiding in barns and haystacks by day. When she got back to the Norwegian settlement, her poor feet were as hard as hoofs. She promised to be good, and was allowed to stay at home—though everyone realized she was as crazy as ever, and she still ran about barefooted through the snow, telling her domestic troubles to her neighbours.

Cather populates this world with “realness.”

There was a basic harmony between Antonia and her mistress. They had strong, independent natures, both of them. They knew what they liked, and were not always trying to imitate other people. They loved children and animals and music, and rough play and digging in the earth. They liked to prepare rich, hearty food and to see people eat it; to make up soft white beds and to see youngsters asleep in them. They ridiculed conceited people and were quick to help unfortunate ones. Deep down in each of them there was a kind of hearty joviality, a relish of life, not over-delicate, but very invigorating. I never tried to define it, but I was distinctly conscious of it. I could not imagine Antonia's living for a week in any other house in Black Hawk than the Harlings'.

This single sentence seasonal observation is truth squared.

WINTER LIES TOO LONG in country towns; hangs on until it is stale and shabby, old and sullen. On the farm the weather was the great fact, and men's affairs went on underneath it, as the streams creep under the ice.

A single observation on the pull and hazards of the West.

Why had the Spaniards come so far? What must this country have been like, then? Why had Coronado never gone back to Spain, to his riches and his castles and his king? I couldn't tell them. I only knew the schoolbooks said he 'died in the wilderness, of a broken heart.' 'More than him has done that,' said Antonia sadly, and the girls murmured assent.

The life on the page breathes real.

While I was putting my horse away, I heard a rooster squawking. I looked at my watch and sighed; it was three o'clock, and I knew that I must eat him at six. After supper Mrs. Steavens and I went upstairs to the old sitting-room, while her grave, silent brother remained in the basement to read his farm papers. All the windows were open. The white summer moon was shining outside, the windmill was pumping lazily in the light breeze. My hostess put the lamp on a stand in the corner, and turned it low because of the heat. She sat down in her favourite rocking-chair and settled a little stool comfortably under her tired feet. 'I'm troubled with calluses, Jim; getting old,' she sighed cheerfully. She crossed her hands in her lap and sat as if she were at a meeting of some kind.

The wistful hazards of “returning home.”

My business took me West several times every year, and it was always in the back of my mind that I would stop in Nebraska some day and go to see Antonia. But I kept putting it off until the next trip. I did not want to find her aged and broken; I really dreaded it. In the course of twenty crowded years one parts with many illusions. I did not wish to lose the early ones. Some memories are realities, and are better than anything that can ever happen to one again.

Scenes set as merrily as a Rembrandt rustic.

Ducks and geese ran quacking across my path. White cats were sunning themselves among yellow pumpkins on the porch steps. I looked through the wire screen into a big, light kitchen with a white floor. I saw a long table, rows of wooden chairs against the wall, and a shining range in one corner.

I’ll leave you with one more. A line referring to a trip into the storage and canning shed.

Nina and Jan, and a little girl named Lucie, kept shyly pointing out to me the shelves of glass jars. They said nothing, but, glancing at me, traced on the glass with their finger-tips the outline of the cherries and strawberries and crabapples within, trying by a blissful expression of countenance to give me some idea of their deliciousness.

If any of this has spoken to you, you will find much to charm in this old volume.

I am grateful for the visit.

Siouan Sociology by James Owen Dorsey

A few observations from an 1897 Bureau of Ethnology Report.

“Regarding chieftainship among the Dakota, Philander Prescott  says: “The chieftainship is of modern date, there being no chiefs before the whites came. The chiefs have little power. The chief's band is almost always a kin totem which helps to sustain him. The chiefs have no votes in council; there the majority rules and the voice of the chief is not decisive till then. On the death of a chief, the nearest kinsman in the right line is eligible. If there are no kin, the council of the band can make a chief. Civil chiefs scarcely ever make a war party.”

 

·        A common confusion for many trying to understand Indigenous ways is the assumption of “like-for-like.”

·        That is assuming there is a one-to-one relationship between words in a language or concepts in a culture.

·        For example: The word “Power” in English usually connotes force or ability, whereas Comanche “Puha” which is often translated as one-to-one for power, can indeed mean strength, or ability but it is more culturally understood as Power+ that is…

·        “He is physically strong AND he is of character.”

·        Or…

·        “He knows many game trails AND he has integrity.”

·        Strong is one word, ability is another, character is another.

·        These can run as separate concepts in English or Westen culture but in Comanche culture to possess strength or ability WITHOUT character simply is not Puha.

·        Strength without Puha is nothing to be admired.

·        Power in the Western sense is Instagram-worthy whether or not the poster possesses any admirable character traits.

·        An alien concept in the Comanche way.

 

“In all these tribes there is no such thing as hereditary rank. If a son of a chief is wanting in bravery, generosity, or other desirable qualities, he is regarded merely as an ordinary individual”

·        Again, alien to Western culture founded upon bloodlines, royalty and fealty to family names: Kennedy et al.

 

“To preserve his popularity a chief must give away all his property, and he is consequently always the poorest man in the band.”

·        Again, alien to the Western concept of Power where enrichment and elevation of the material aspects is part and parcel of power.

·        In the Plains tradition and the eastern woodlands potlatch culture, power is signaled by service, by generosity, by the ability to sustain with less rather than “Gimme extra cuz I’m important.”

 

“Power is tacitly committed to the leading chief, to be held so long as he governs to general satisfaction, subject, however, to the advice of the soldiers.”

·        As long as Wisdom and good judgement is demonstrated, the role of Chief continues.

·        As soon as the Wisdom deviates—termination of services.

·        Power, Puha rather is contingent on ability not repute of ability or remembrance of past successes.

·        We are what we are with each act.

·        No fealty to the office.

·        All fealty is to the service.

 

“Age, debility, or any other natural defect, or incapacity to act, advise, or command, would lead a chief to resign in favor of a younger man.”

·        Notice it is not just age, but any infirmity or failing.

·        There were aged chiefs.

·        There were chiefs that possessed crippling bodily injuries who still served well.

·        As soon as these or any infirmity [lack of courage, indecisiveness, failure to lead to good game, etc.] manifested, the chiefdom was at its end.

 

Seems there is much to be learned from “A heathenish People savage and untutored.”