This 1893 work of historical
theorizing offered as “The Frontier Hypothesis” has been influential on many historians,
authors, and those with a libertarian bent.
I wager those with an
attraction to the Western genre will find much food for thought in Turner’s
essay.
I am struck by much
of significance within it that I offer several lengthy examples below.
“…the most important effect of the frontier has been in
the promotion of democracy here and in Europe. As has been indicated, the
frontier is productive of individualism. Complex society is precipitated by the
wilderness into a kind of primitive organization based on the family. The
tendency is anti-social. It produces antipathy to control, and particularly to
any direct control. The tax-gatherer is viewed as a representative of
oppression. Prof. Osgood, in an able article, has pointed out that the frontier
conditions prevalent in the colonies are important factors in the explanation
of the American Revolution, where individual liberty was sometimes confused
with the absence of all effective government. The same conditions aid in
explaining the difficulty of instituting a strong government in the period of
the confederacy. The frontier individualism has from the beginning promoted
democracy.”
[A contemporary view of Eastern “leadership.”] “’Some of our fellow-citizens
may think we are not able to conduct our affairs and consult our interests; but
if our society is rude, much wisdom is not necessary to supply our wants, and a
fool can sometimes put on his clothes better than a wise man can do it for
him.’ This forest philosophy is the philosophy of American democracy.”
“Western democracy included individual liberty, as well as equality. The
frontiersman was impatient with restraints. He knew how to preserve order, even
in the absence of legal authority. If there were cattle thieves, lynch law was
sudden and effective: the regulators of the Carolinas were the predecessors of
the claims associations of Iowa and the vigilance committees of California. But
the individual was not ready to submit to complex regulations. Population was
sparse, there was no multitude of jostling interests, as in older settlements,
demanding an elaborate system of personal restraints. Society became atomic.
There was a reproduction of the primitive idea of the personality of the law, a
crime was more an offense against the victim than a violation of the law of the
land. Substantial justice, secured in the most direct way, was the ideal of the
backwoodsman. He had little patience with finely drawn distinctions or scruples
of method. If the thing was one proper to be done, then the most immediate,
rough and ready, effective way was the best way.”
“So recent has been the transition of the greater portion of the United States
from frontier conditions to conditions of settled life, that we are, over the
large portion of the United States, hardly a generation removed from the
primitive conditions of the West. If, indeed, we ourselves were not pioneers,
our fathers were, and the inherited ways of looking at things, the fundamental
assumptions of the American people, have all been shaped by this experience of
democracy on its westward march. This experience has been wrought into the very
warp and woof of American thought.”
“The first ideal of the pioneer was that of conquest. It
was his task to fight with nature for the chance to exist. Not as in older
countries did the contest take place in a mythical past, told in folk lore and
epic. It has been continuous to our own day. Facing each generation of pioneers
was the unmastered continent. Vast forests blocked the way; mountainous
ramparts interposed; desolate grass-clad prairies, barren oceans of rolling
plains, arid deserts, and a fierce race of savages, all had to be met and
defeated. The rifle and the ax are the symbols of the backwoods pioneer. They
meant a training in aggressive courage, in domination, in directness of action,
in destructiveness.”
“Besides the ideals of conquest and of discovery, the
pioneer had the ideal of personal development, free from social and
governmental constraint. He came from a civilization based on individual
competition, and he brought the conception with him to the wilderness where a
wealth of resources, and innumerable opportunities gave it a new scope.”
“Among the pioneers one man was as good as his neighbor.
He had the same chances; conditions were simple and free. Economic equality
fostered political equality. An optimistic and buoyant belief in the worth of
the plain people, a devout faith in man prevailed in the West. Democracy became
almost the religion of the pioneer. He held with passionate devotion the idea that
he was building under freedom a new society, based on self-government, and for
the welfare of the average man.”
“American democracy was born of no theorist’s dream; it
was not carried in the Susan Constant to Virginia, nor in the Mayflower to
Plymouth. It came out of the American forest, and it gained new strength each
time it touched a new frontier. Not the constitution, but the free land and an
abundance of natural resources open to a fit people, made the democratic type
of society in America for three centuries while it occupied its empire.”
“When the backwoodsmen crossed the Alleghenies they put between
themselves and the Atlantic coast a barrier which seemed to separate them from
a region already too much like the Europe they had left, and as they followed
the course of the rivers that flowed to the Mississippi, they called themselves
“Men of the Western Waters,” and their new home in the Mississippi Valley was
the “Western World.” Here, by the thirties, Jacksonian democracy flourished,
strong in the faith of the intrinsic excellence of the common man, in his right
to make his own place in the world, and in his capacity to share in government.
But while Jacksonian democracy demanded these rights, it was also loyal to
leadership as the very name implies. It was ready to follow to the uttermost
the man in whom it placed its trust, whether the hero were frontier fighter or president,
and it even rebuked and limited its own legislative representatives and
recalled its senators when they ran counter to their chosen executive,
Jacksonian democracy was essentially rural. It was based on the good fellowship
and the genuine social feeling of the frontier, in which classes and inequalities
of fortune played little part. But it did not demand equality of condition, for
there was abundance of natural resources and the belief that the self-made man
had a right to his success in the free competition which western life afforded,
was as prominent in their thoughts as was the love of democracy. On the other
hand, they viewed governmental restraints with suspicion as a limitation on
their right to work out their own individuality.”
“The moment you acknowledge that the highest social position
ought to be the reward of the man who has the most talent, you make
aristocratic institutions impossible. All that was buoyant and creative in
American life would be lost if we gave up the respect for distinct personality,
and variety in genius, and came to the dead level of common standards. To be
‘socialized into the average’ and placed ‘under the tutelage of the mass of
us,’ as a recent writer has put it, would be an irreparable loss.”
“These slashers of the forest, these self-sufficing
pioneers, raising the corn and the live stock for their own need, living
scattered and apart, had at first small interest in town life or a share in
markets. They were passionately devoted to the idea of equality, but it was an
ideal which assumed that under free conditions in the midst of unlimited
resources, the homogenous society of the pioneers must result in equality. What
they objected to was arbitrary obstacles, artificial limitations upon the
freedom of each member of this frontier folk to work out his own career without
fear or favor. What they instinctively opposed was the crystallization of
differences, the monopolization of opportunity and the fixing of that monopoly
by government or by social customs. The road must be open. The game must be
played according to the rules. There must be no artificial stifling of equality
or opportunity, no closed doors to the able, no stopping the free game before
it was played to the end. More than that, there was an unformulated, perhaps,
but very real feeling, that mere success in the game, by which the abler men were
able to achieve preeminence gave to the successful ones no right to look down
upon their neighbors, no vested title to assert superiority as a matter of
pride and to the diminution of the equal right and dignity of the less
successful.”
So the hours were used up. At three o’clock
the wind blew the fog away and let us see the stars men know who work by night—late
stars, somehow brighter and better than the ones you see around ten o’clock
when most people go to bed. They splattered through the sky from north to south,
dusty and brown, like somebody had run there with a bucket and had spilled
them. They looked down and they knew who worked and who didn’t and who owns the
world when everything lies quiet. A truck had just pulled away. Dynamite and I
stood still in the alley and the voice of the wind came rising through the boards
and rails reminding us that man is very small and the earth by night is very
long and lonely.
